Why is the rafale so popular?

Dassault designed the Rafale in the 1980s to replace seven types in French service, from the Jaguar and Mirage F1 to the carrier-based Crusader and Super Étendard. The result is what the manufacturer calls an omnirole fighter: the same aircraft, with the same pilot, can switch between air-to-air, deep strike, anti-ship, reconnaissance and nuclear roles within a single sortie. For a mid-sized air force that cannot afford several specialised fleets, that breadth is the main selling point. The naval Rafale M adds a carrier-capable option that only the F-35C and the F/A-18 otherwise offer.

The Rafale has fought since 2007: Afghanistan, Libya in 2011, Mali, Iraq and Syria. Its RBE2 AESA radar, the Spectra electronic-warfare suite and the front-sector optronics are integrated with Meteor long-range missiles, SCALP cruise missiles and the AASM guided-bomb family. Successive F3-R and F4 standards have added capability without changing the airframe, and the F5 standard with a loyal-wingman drone is planned for the 2030s. Buyers receive an aircraft that is already proven rather than one still in development.

Politically, the Rafale contains no American components subject to ITAR export rules, so France can sell it, and its weapons, to countries that Washington will not supply or that want to avoid dependence on a single partner. India, Egypt, Qatar, Greece, Croatia, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia and Serbia have signed, several of them with follow-on orders. The cost and delays of the F-35, the Eurofighter's initial focus on air defence and Russia's shrinking offer left a gap in the market that the Rafale filled with its mix of price, availability and diplomatic freedom.